大型及微藻營養鹽配方
=================================================
大型綠藻青海苔之種子化
Development of protoplasts from holdfasts and vegetative thalli of Monostroma latissimum (Chlorophyta, Monostromataceae) for algal seed stock
(本論文原文已發表於美國藻類學會期刊:Journal
of Phycology, 1998)
(中文全文)
中文摘要：
大部份重要的經濟藻類是由自然環境中採集而來的。這樣常造成這些藻類的族群大量的減少，由於這些藻類的再生能力很低，而無法來補充這些被採集的藻類。因此，發展養殖這些經濟藻類做為將來需求所用，這是非常重要。可是，海洋藻類沒有相當於陸上植物，具有抗性、耐性及可休眠的種子。除此之外，藻類具有相當複雜且會變換形態的生活史。因此，發展一套運用‘種子化’的方法來養殖藻類，是非常重要且必須的(Polne-Fuller and Gibor 1987)。根據以上的觀點，本研究使用一種重要的經濟大型海藻，青海苔(Monostroma latissimum Wittrock)，做為藻類‘種子化’的研究。
海苔是一種分佈極廣的大型綠藻。他的葉片只有一個細胞的厚度。青海苔非常的美味，在日本已經被大量商業性的培養好幾年(Shokita et al. 1991)。在台灣青海苔是被做為食物的補充品的。但是，人們仍然在研究，如何發展商業性的養殖方法以培養這些藻類。青海苔的傳統養殖方法是非常繁瑣及耗時間的，有時常會很難去獲得足夠的成熟青海苔葉片，及足夠數目的配子或動孢子來接種於網繩上。因此，發展一套新的青海苔養殖方法是非常重要的。
藻類原生質體不像一般的藻類孢子受限於環境因素的影響，他可以很容易的經由培養而非常快速地長成小種苗。這個新的方法，可能可以加速成功的培養出藻類。但是，根據我們先前的報告，直接由原生質體再生而來的小種苗，如果沒有立刻直接的轉換到海邊去進行更快的大量培養，它們將會死亡。因為，實驗室沒有辦法提供自然環境所能提供給它們大量的面積以及必須足夠的光度，以及新鮮的營養鹽。假如，這些由原生質體再生而來的小種苗，能夠像高等植物的種子般的播種，這樣子就比傳統的養殖方法來的方便許多了。這個意思就是說，我們能夠將藻類的‘種子’長久保存在實驗室中，當我們需要時再拿出來播種便可以。
本研究主要的目的，是要獲得可以長久保存且具有再生成大型葉狀體的藻類種苗，做為將來藻類大量繁殖之用。(另請參看:青海苔原生質體之分離及培養(中文版))
=================================================
大型綠藻石蓴之種子化
Development of protoplasts of Ulva fasciata (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) for algal seed stock(英文版in English)
(本論文原文已發表於美國藻類學會期刊:Journal of Phycology, 2000)
(中文全文)
中文摘要：
過去十多年來已有許多研究，報告一些可食性的大型海洋藻類，被分離出原生質體。例如:石髮，石蓴，青海苔，海帶，紫菜，菩提藻等(Ar Gall et al.1993, Chen 1998, Chen and Chen 1991, 1993, Chen and Chiang 1994a.b, Fujimura et al.1989, Fujita and Migita 1985, Polner-Fuller and Gibor 1984, 1990, Reddy and Fujita 1991, Reddy et al.1989, 1992, Saga and Sakai 1984, Saga and Kudo 1989, Walland et al.1990)。這些大型藻類原生質體，已被成功地培養再生成完整之大型葉狀體。這種最近發展可獲取大量原生質體的新技術，提供了這些可食性海藻，可被成功地大量培養的機會。然而，這些大型海藻，通常無法長時期培養於實驗室中，因為實驗室無法提供這些大型海藻廣闊的區域、充足的光線以及豐富之營養(新鮮海水)(Chen 1998)。Chen於1998年曾報導，由青海苔(Monostroma latissimum Wittrock)的固著器，分離出來會發育成微小絲狀體的原生質體。這些絲狀體，可被長久保存而不喪失其分化成可食性的大型葉狀藻體，它們如同高等植物的種子般。因此，控制藻類原生質體的分化及去分化，以獲致藻類的種子化，或許可加速及喚起，實際應用藻類原生質體於藻類的大量養殖上。
如同前面所述，在我們先前的研究(Chen and Chen 1991,
1993)及Reddy et al.(1989)的研究，曾報導石蓴原生質體能夠發育成各種形態的藻體。但是，這些由原生質體衍生而來的葉狀體，必須移到它們的天然棲息地，才可做長期的培養，否則它們就會很快地死去。而這正是應用原生質體於藻類大量養殖上的一大瓶頸。因此，在本研究，我們將嚐試去誘發(去分化)有活性的原生質體發育成細胞團。就像是種子的胚胎一樣，由原生質體衍生而來的細胞團之生長被暫時停止，但在需要時，才令其恢復成長至一般大型葉狀藻體。這種由原生質體衍生而來的細胞團之種子化技術，在石蓴目中屬於創新的。除了先前我們研究中的青海苔絲狀體(Chen,
1998)外，此技術應是藻類大量養殖上最方便的方法。
另外，由於原生質體在培養過程中，會立即再生其細胞壁，因此它提供了研究細胞壁再生研究之一個特殊模式系統(Chen
and Chiang 1995)。而由原生質體發育成藻體的初期發育行為，亦提供了最新研究藻類形態發生學上的可行性。
本研究的目的是去誘發裂片石蓴(Ulva fasciata Delile)原生質體再生成細胞團懸浮液，以做為石蓴之種子化。石蓴原生質體發育型式的超微形態亦同時研究之。
=================================================
大型紅藻菩提藻之養殖及
孔狀聯繫超微構造(英文版in English)
(本論文原文已發表於德國海洋植物學期刊:Botanica
Marina, 1999)
Cultured Grateloupia filicina was
used as the material for observations on the spore development
and the ultrastructure of pit plugs. The general characteristics
of the pit plugs were the same in the discs, filaments and frond-like
thalli of this red alga. The pit plugs were naked (no cap layers)
with a cap membrane and a plug core. The matrix was diffuse in
the center and dense in the outer portion. However, the sizes and
shapes of the pit plugs varied. Pit plugs of the filament-like
medullary cells of the frond-like thalli were the largest. These
pit plugs were H-shaped with a deep central constriction. Pit
plugs of the filament cells, were bead-shaped and were smaller
than those of the medullary ones. In contrast, pit plugs of the
cortex of the frond-like thalli were the smallest. The pit plugs
of disc cell and terminal ball-like structures were a little
larger than the cortex and filament cell pit plugs, and were
roughly round-shaped, like those of the cortex. This study
confirms that the pit plugs of red algae vegetative cells have
taxonomic value, even among the same species in different growth
phases.
=================================================
=================================================
日本紫菜之養殖(中文版)
Porphyra
spp.:
Porphyra (Nori) is a very important genus of the
Rhodophyta. Approximately 70 species have been identified
throughout the world. Amongst these, 24-25 species occur in Japan.
However, only a few species of Porphyra have served as commercial,
sea-vegetable foods in Japan.
Cultivation
of Porphyra began almost concurrently, in the 17th century,
in Japan, Korea ,Taiwan and China. Modern techniques for Porphyra
cultivation were introduced into these countries in the 1960's
and consequently the annual yields of nori (products of Porphyra)
have increased rapidly. Porphyra cultivation has become
one of the most important industries in the utilization of
shallow water areas in each of these countries. For example, in
Japan the total annual yield from the cultivation of shallow
water areas attained a value of *609 billion in 1990. Of this, Porphyra
cultivation accounted for a value of *106 billion (17.4 % of
total amount), an impressive figure. However, the annual yield (and
percentage of total) of Porphyra is decreasing annually.
Nevertheless, nori production still maintains a position as
important as that of yellow-tail (fish culture).
Species,
morphology and distribution
Porphyra
tenera (Asakusa-nori)
In
the early stages of the development of the Porphyra
industry, P. tenera was used almost exclusively. This
species occurs naturally in the intertidal zone along the coasts
of lower salinity bays and inland seas. The frond is usually
broad-lanceolate, thin and smooth with undulating margins.
However, size and morphology are highly variable, e.g.
suborbiculate, obovate, elliptical or linear in shape, with
fronds ranging from 17-35 cm (exceptionally 1 m length), with a
width of 1-20 cm.
Asexual
reproduction in P. tenera is less abundant than that of P.
yezoensis. Monospores are formed only in very young thalli
which are of microscopic size, ie. 1 mm length, 10-14 days after
germination. The female and male reproductive organs are usually
formed together along the thallus margins. Male gametangia are
restricted to the upper portion of the thallus. The vegetative
part of the blade phase is 25-35 μm thick.
Porphyra
yezoensis (Susabi-nori)
Natural
populations are restricted to the northern part of Japan. In
nature, this species grows on rocks in the intertidal zone on
shores exposed to the open sea where higher salinity waters occur.
From
1955, this species was transplanted from northern Japan to
southern cultivation grounds. As a result, P. yezoensis
has extended its distribution to include the inner bays and
inland seas associated with lower salinity waters, of the warmer
water regions, along the coast of southern Japan.
The
thallus is basically elliptical in shape but shows a remarkable
continuous variation. Fronds range in size from 15-36 cm in
length, 22-30 cm width. The vegetative part of the frond, in the
early stages, is ca. 25μm thick but becomes thicker, up to 40-53μm
later in the growing season. In autumn to early winter, young
fronds reproduce vegetatively by producing monospores. From
November to December, sporangial and antheridial reproductive
structures are formed. The thallus is distinctively "striped"
at this stage.
For
the purposes of cultivation, since 1960, P. tenera has
been replaced by the hardier P. yezoensis, which has a
wider temperature tolerance range. However, from 1971 fast-growing
cultivated varieties of Porphyra, produced by selective
breeding such as P. tenera var. tamatsuensis (Ooba-asakusanori)
and P. yezoensis f. narawaensis (Narawa-susabinori)
have been established and widely cultivated. Blades of these
species are only a single cell layer thick (monostromatic), as
can be observed in a cross-section of the dried nori sheet.
Life
history
The life history of Porphyra is summarized in (fig.1).
Female and male gametes are formed along the frond margins from
December to March. These areas differ distinctly from the
surrounding vegetative tissue. The spermatia are formed by
repeated cell division of the male initials. Ripened spermatia
are released in large numbers from the thallus and are passively
transferred to the receptive female cells. After gametic union,
the fertilized female cell (zygote), divides to form carpospores.
Released carpospores germinate into a filamentous Conchocelis-phase
within oyster shells provided for cultivation. From late summer
to early autumn, conchosporangia are formed on the Conchocelis
filament. From late September to early October, conchospores are
released, attach to the substrata provided, such as nori nets,
germinate immediately and grow into young thalli.
Ten
to 14 days after germination, monospores are formed on the upper
margins of the blades, particularly in P. tenera. Released
monospores also attach to the nori nets and grow into new thalli.
Literature:
Honda,
N., 1964. Guidebook of artificial seeding of conchospores.
National Federation of Nori and Clams Fisheries Cooperative
Associations, Tokyo, pp. 65 (In Japanese).
Kito,
H., 1977. Recent problems of nori (Porphyra spp.) culture in
Japan. In C.J. Sindermann (Ed.). Proceedings of the Sixth U.S.-Japan
Meeting on Aquaculture, Santa Barbara, pp. 7-12.
Miura,
A., 1971. Cultivation species of Porphyra in Japan.
National Federation of Nori and Clams Fisheries Cooperative
Associations, Tokyo. pp. 61 (In Japanese).
Miura,
A., 1975. Porphyra cultivation in Japan. In: J. Tokida and
H. Hirose (eds), Advances of Phycology in Japan, pp. 273-304.
Oohusa,
T., 1984. Technical aspects of nori (Porphyra) cultivation
and quality preservation of nori products in Japan today.
Hydrobiologia, 116/117, 95-114.
尚有文章建構中...
