Chapter II ²Ä¤G³¹  ¦^­¶­º

¿ïºØ¤Î·Ç³Æ(Selection and preparation):

  1. Choice of material

For morphological or physiological study§ÎºA¤Î¥Í²z¤W¤§¬ã¨s¡R

A. ³Q°Ê¡CA start may be made by finding out what will grow from among a mixture of forms, such as are found in a pool, ditch, etc.¡]½Ö±Nªø¥X¨Ó?¡^
B.¥D°Ê¡CA search could be made from a population practically composed of one species.¡]¤@­Ó±Ú¸s¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¥Ñ¤@­Ó«~ºØ©Òºc¦¨¡^
¡]Àu¶ÕºØ¡÷¤ôµØ¡÷¸û©ö¤ÀÂ÷¥X³æ¤@«~ºØ¡C¡^

M ¥H¤W¤GªÌ¡Gbut both tend to afford only such species as will readily grow under certain conditions.

C.¥H¯S©w´Ï®§¦a¡B¯S©w¤ÀÃþ²Õ¨Ó¬D¥X¯S©w«~ºØ¡C

Affords most interesting results and consists in picking out single specimens from a mixture, with a view to analysing the algal flora of a certain habitat or to the isolation of certain species belonging to a definite taxonomic group.

M ¥Ñ³¥¥~¡÷¦n¤£®e©ö¾i¥X¤@°¦¨Ó¡÷¾i¤@°}¤l¡÷¤£¨£¤F¡H¡H

  1. Preparatory cultures:¹w³Æ°ö¾i

¥H¤£¦P¤èªk¡]Àô¹Ò¡^¡A¨ÓÀòª¾¾A¦XĦÃþ¥Í¦s¤Î¼W´Þªºª¬ªp¡C

 ¡±Pure cultures are sometimes only obtained after a tedious and wearisome procedure. ¡±

¡÷¡±¥Ñhealthy culture¨Ó¾i¸û¥i¯à¦¨¥\¡C¡±

(however, successive attempts are possible, and we can learn from failures until our efforts are crowned with success)

M¥ý¦bµL¾÷¡÷? ¯S®í¥[´IÀç¾iÆQ¡÷? ¤gÄ[-¤ô

¤gÄ[-¤ô¤§¥[´I°ö¾iªk(Soil-and-water cultures)ªº²z¥Ñ¡J

  1. Preparatory cultures on nutritive solutions.

The use of solutions of inorganic salts in preparatory culture is advisable for various reasons. Their composition can often be made to approximate to that of the natural medium.¡]¼Ò­À¦ÛµM¥ÍºA¡^

Inorganic solutions favorable to the growth of a species increase the number of individuals, while bacteria and other unwelcome organisms are diminished in comparison to the original mixture.¡]²z·QªºÄ¦ÃþÀç¾iÆQ¡^

B. Enrichment cultures.

Since there are certainly ecological differences between those algal communities which are dependent on special conditions, it should be possible to favor the growth of certain forms in a mixture, while hindering that of other. This can be effected by choosing appropriate media, H.-ion concentrations, temperatures and so on.

**¥H¯S©w¤§°ö¾iÀô¹Ò¦p·Å«×¡BpH­È¨ÓÀò±o¯S©wªºÄ¦Ãþ¡AµM¦Ó¹ê»Ú¤W¨Ã¨S¦³¦p´Á«Ý¯ëªº¦¨ªG¡A¥D­n¥i¸ÑÄÀªº¬°¡KÄvª§competition.

¦¹¥~¡GAlgae from natural habitats with a high H.-ion concentration (e.g. bogs) may be expected to grow only in media of about same pH. It is seldom possible to produce enrichment cultures of a single species by inoculating it into a medium of low pH, because all species are adapted to nearly the same pH. They must differ in other ecological respects.

¥HÅK¬°¨Ò¡G

ÅK¤§¿@«×¡H¤£ª¾¬O¥HFe3+ÁÙ¬O¥HFe2+¦s¦b¡Fbecause ferrous (Fe2+)compounds are readily oxidized, and ferric (Fe3+) ones are insoluble unless the medium is so acid as to make every kind of life impossible.

¨ä¥¦¦p®ñ¤§¿@«×(oxygen pressure)¡B²¸¤Æ²Bµ¥¥ç¤£©ú¾é¡C

¦bµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤¤¥i¥H¤j¶qÁc´ÞªºÄ¦Ãþ¡A¨Ã¤£¥Nªí¥¦­Ì´N¤£»Ý­n¦³¾÷Àç¾iÆQÃþ¡F¡]¦³®É¦bµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤¤¥i¥H¤j¶qÁc´ÞªºÄ¦Ãþ¡A«oµLªksubculture¡^

In view of these results attempts were made to imitate natural conditions still more closely than by adding soil extract. This led to the soil-and-water culture method, which proved to be surprisingly helpful in cultivating many kinds of small organisms.

Putrefaction cultures¡]»G±Ñ°ö¾iªk¡^¡R

Such cultures, containing organic substances and soil, imitate the conditions in those natural habitats which are usually described as eutrophic. Where the aquatic flora is rich, the bottom mud with its decaying organic residues fertilizes the water. The soil is used as a substitute for mud. Organic material, such as starch or wheat grains, etc., represents organic remains.¡]¥H¤gÄ[¥N´À©³ªd,¥H¾ý¯»©Î¤p³Á¥N´À¦³¾÷ª«½è¡C ¡^

The best kind of soil is ordinary sandy garden loam, not too rich in clay or humus. Plain sand is unsuitable.

The employment of large vessels is unnecessary with this ¡¥putrefaction-culture¡¦ method, ordinary test-tubes being suitable.

 ¡±¤gÄ[ªº¥\¥Î¡GÄÀ©ñ·L¶q¤¸¯À¡A½w½Ä°ª¿@«×Àç¾iÆQ¡A§l¦¬¦³¬rª«½èµ¥µ¥¡C¡±

3. Other preparatory treatment¨ä¥¦¹w¾i«eªº³B²z¤èªk¡R

Centrifuging. Â÷¤ß¥u¯à´î¤Ö²Óµßªº¼Æ¥Ø¡C

Tactic movements.ÁÍ©Ê

Geo- and phototactic movements are useful as a means of obtaining concentrations of algal zoospores and of flagellates, as well as their separation from germs which respond in a different way.

It is not always easy to put this kind of purification into practice, since most zoospores are motile only during a restricted period. Both they and flagellates tend to come to rest and to become attached to the walls o0f the containing vessels when transferred to another medium, especially when this procedure is repeated several times.

Isolation of single cells.(¦¹ªk³Ì¦n)

Pipetting method, which consists in transferring single cells with capillary pipettes into vessels containing a suitable medium.

¥i¥H¥Ñmixture¤¤ª½±µ¤ÀÂ÷¥X³æ°¦·Q­nªºÄ¦ºØ¡AµM«á°ö¾i¥X¦¹Ä¦ºØ¤§¯Â°ö¾i¡C

¦b¹êÅ礤¥i±±¨î²Óµß¤§¼Æ¶q¡A¨ÏĦÃþ¸û©ö¦s¬¡¡]²£¥Íhealthy cell¡^

 §Þ¥©­n¼ô½m

 ¯ÊÂI¡R­n¦³¥©¤â

 ¯ÊÂI¡R³QĦÃþªº¤j¤p¤Î¯S©Ê©Ò­­¨î

(motile flagellates¤Îzoospores¡M¦]·|°Ê¸û©ö¿ëÃÑ¥B¸ûµL²Óµß¤§¦Ã¬V)¨Ã¤£¥u­­©ó´åªa¤§Ä¦Ãþ¡A¹³¯B´å©ÊĦÃþ¥ç¥i¥Î¤ò²ÓºÞªk¡C

 ¯ÊÂI¡R©TµÛ©ÊĦÃþ¸û¤£©ö³Q§l¤W¨Ó¡A»Ý¦³­@¤ß­«Âоޠ ½m¡C

D. Methods of obtaining clean cells.
M ¦]·|°ÊªºÄ¦Ãþ¸û¤£·|³Q²Óµßªg¤W¡]±H¥Í¡^¡A¦]¦¹¤ÀÂ÷·|°Ê¤§Ä¦Ãþ¥iÁ×§K²Óµß¦Ã¬V¡CC ­n¨ÏĦÃþ²£¥Í·|´å°Êªº²Ó­M»ÝµøÄ¦Ãþªº¥Í²zª¬ªp¦Ó©w¡C

 cysts¤Îyoung daughter cells¡R¸ûµL²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡C

 cysts¡R¦]¬°«p´ßÌU¤l¦bµÞµo®É¬O²æ´ß¦Ó¥X,¦]¦¹¥i¥HÁ×§K²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡C

 young daughter cells¡R¦b§Ö³t¤ÀµõªºÄ¦²Ó­M¡M¸û¤£·|´Ý¦s¦³¥Ñ¥À²Ó­M¦Ó¨Ó¤§²Óµß¡C

¦p¦ó²£¥Í·|°ÊªºÄ¦ÃþF

(1). when algae are transferred from moist to liquid media¡M¡]¥Ñ¼é·ÃªºÀô¹Ò´«¨ì²GºA¤§Àô¹Ò¡^

(2). from flowing, well-aerated, water to a vessel in the laboratory¡M¡]¥Ñ¬y°Ê¤Î³q®ð¨}¦nªº¤ô²¾¤J¹êÅç«Çªº°ö¾i²~®É¡^

(3). when algae are provided with fresh nutriment after the old medium has been exhausted¡M¡]¦b°ö¾iÆQ¥ÎºÉ¦Ó²K¥[·sÂAªº°ö¾iÆQ®É¡^

(4). when algal material is kept in the dark for more than a single night and subsequently exposed to a suitable illumination¡]·íĦÃþ©ñ¦b¶Â·t¤¤¶W¹L¤@±ß¡MµM«á¦A¸m©ó¾A·í¤§¥ú·Ó¤U¡^

Sometimes changes other than those above mentioned prove effective, for instance, a rise in temperature, dilution of the medium, aeration, etc.

¡@

Chapter III ²Ä¤T³¹

ĦÃþ¥Íªøªº¤u¨ã¤ÎÀç¾iÆQImplements and media for growing algae¡R

1.¤ô¤Î°ö¾i¾¹¥×Water and containing vessels¡R

A.¤ôWater¡R

*¥H«e¥Î»É¾¹¨Ó»]ÃH¡A»É¥i¯à¹ïĦÃþ¦³®`¡C²{¤w§ï¥Î¬Á¼þ»]ÃH¡C

*¥Î¬Á¼þ»]ÃH¾¹¥×¥i¯à¦³ª¿ÆQ²£¥Í¡A¬G¥Î¥Õª÷¡A¦ý¤´µLªk¥h°£­«ª÷ÄÝ¡A¦p¯à¥[ªø¥Õª÷ºÞ¤§ªø«×¥iÀò±oº¡·Nªºµ²ªG¡C

*¥Ñ©ó¥Õª÷«Ü¶Q¡A¦Ó¬Á¼þ«K©y¡A¥ç¦³§ï¥Î¥Û­^ªº¡A¯S§O¬O­nÁ×§K¦³ª¿ÆQ²£¥Í®É¥Î¿ü¾¹¨Ó»]ÃH¥ç¤£¿ù¡C

*­nª`·N¤ô¤¤ªº´â¡C

 

*´§µo©Êª«½è¦pªG¶i¤J¤ô¤¤¡M¥i¯à³y¦¨¦ÛÀç©ÊĦÃþªº´á©T©w¤Î¨ä¥¦Àç¾i©Ê»Ý¨Dªº¹êÅçµ²ªG²£¥Í»~®t¡C¦pªGªÅ®ð¤¤ªº´§µo©Êª«½è¶i¤J¤ô¤¤¡A¥i¥[¤J¹L¿ø»Ä¹[¤Î²¸»Ä¨ÓºR·´³o¨Çª«½è¡C
M«D´§µo©Ê·L¶q¤¸¯À¡A¤]¥i¯à¦b¤ôªmÄˤ¤®ðªw¯}µõ§Î¦¨¤ôºw¶i¤J¤ô¤¤¦Ó³Q±a¤J¡A¦¹®É¥i¥[¤J¬V¾¯¨Ó´ú¸Õ¬O§_¨ü¨ì¦Ã¬V¡C

¦b¬Á¼þ¾¹¥×ªº«eºÝªººÞ¤l¥[¥H§éÅs´N¥i¥HÁ×§K³Q¦Ã¬V¡C
M¥Ñ©ó»]ÃH¤ô¦b¤j¶q¨Ï¥Î®É·|ı±o«Ü¶Q¡A¦]¦¹¥Î¦Û¨Ó¤ô©Î¬u¤ô¸û¦Xºâ¡A¦ý¦Û¨Ó¤ô¤Î¬u¤ôªºµw«×»Ýª`·N¡C¦]¦¹¦b¨Ï¥Î¦Û¨Ó¤ô¤Î¬u¤ô®É­n¥ýµNªm©Î¥Î¥i§ïÅܵw«×ªº¾¹¨ã¨Ó§ïÅܨäµw«×¡C¦bµNªm®É¥ç¥i¥h°£´â¡A©Î¥Î¬¡©ÊºÒ¨Ó°£´â¡C
M¦bµw¤ô¤¤¥[ºÒ»Ä¶t¦³¥Î¡I¯S§O¬O¹ï©ó¦b¦ÛµM¬É¤¤¥Íªø©ó´I§t¥Û¦ÇÀô¹ÒªºÄ¦Ãþ¯S§O¦³¥Î¡CºÒ»Ä¶t¥ç¥i¤¤©MÀç¾iÆQ°ö¾i²Gªº»Ä«×¡C

¥H¤H¤u®ü¤ô¾iª¿Ä¦µ²ªGª¿Ä¦¤£ªø¡A¦ý¥[¤J¢°%¤ÑµM®ü¤ô¡A«h¥i¥H¥Íªø¡A¦b¥[¤J¢³%¤ÑµM®ü¤ô«hªø±o¤ñ°ö¾i¦b¥þ¤ÑµM®ü¤ô¦n¡C
Mªí¥Ü¥X®ü¤ô¤¤¦³ª¿Ä¦©Ò¥²¶·ªº¬Y¨Ç¦¨¥÷¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¤ÑµM®ü¤ô¤¤¨ä¿@«×¥i¯à¤Ó°ª¡I¡I

°ö¾i¾¹¥×¡CCulture vessels. ³q±`¬O¨Ï¥Îµw½è¬Á¼þ¾¹¥×°µ¬°°ö¾i²~¡C

For the majority of algal investigations large vessels are not requisite and test-tube suffice. ¥Î¸ÕºÞ¡R1.«K©y 2.®e©ö¾Þ§@ 3.¤£¦ûªÅ¶¡4.©ö¦¬ÂáC

Moreover, a smaller quantity of medium is required. In rare instances substances released from the glass are helpful. Thus, silica for diatoms and other algae is most simply provided by use of soft glass. Sometime other, not yet fully known, substances are provided by the glass.

M¦pªG­n¬ã¨sª¿ªº»Ý¨D¡M¥Î¬Á¼þ²~´N¤£¦n

¡±¥Î¤@¯ë¬Á¼þ²~¡M¤º³¡Âл\¤@¼hþ¡C¡±
¦¹®É¤£¯à¥Î¬Á¼þ¾¹¥×»]ÃHªº¤ô¡A¥u¯à¥Î¥Õª÷©Î¿ü»]ÃH¤ô¡C

¡]¦p¦óÂл\¤@¼hþ¡H ¡K¡^

¦pªG¬ã¨s¬Y¤Æ¾Ç¤¸¯À¤£¯à¨Ï¥Îµw¬Á¼þ¤ÎÂл\þ¤§¤èªk®É¡A«h¶·¨Ï¥Î¥Û­^¬Á¼þ¾¹¥×¡A°£¤F©ö¥´¯}¤Î¤£¥i¦b±jÆP¤U¥[¼ö¡M¥¦¥i¨ä¥Nµw¬Á¼þ¡C

(rock algae ¥Î³³¾¹¨Ó°ö¾i¦³«Ü¦nªº®ÄªG¡C¡^

 ¾ó½¦¶ë¥i¯à§t¦³²¸¤Æª«¨ä¹ïĦÃþ¥i¯à¦³®`¡C

2. µL¾÷¡]Äqª«¡^°ö¾i²GMineral solutions¡R

 ¯à¦æ¥ú¦X§@¥ÎªºÄ¦Ãþ¨Ã«D§¹¥þ¤£¶·¦³¾÷¤Æ¦Xª«§@¬°Àç¾iÆQ¡A¬Y¤@¨Ç«~ºØªº»rĦ´N¶·¦³¾÷´á¨Ó°µ¬°CO2ªº¦P¤Æ§@¥Î¡AÁöµM©|¥¼³Q½T©w¡A¦ý¬O«Ü¦h§t¸­ºñ¯ÀªºÄ¦Ãþ¡M¦b´£¨Ñ¦³¾÷¤Æ¦Xª«¤U¡A¥Íªø±o§ó¦n¡C ¡]¦³¾÷¤Æ¦Xª«¨Ò¦p¡R®ø¤Æ³J¥Õ¡B¿}¡B¯×ªÕ»Äµ¥¡^¡C
MÁöµM¦p¦¹¡A¦ý¬OµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤´³Q¼sªx¨Ï¥Î==ĦÃþÁö¦bµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤U¡Mªø±o¤ñ¦³²K¥[¦³¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¨Ó±o®t¡A¦ý¬°¤FÁ×§K¬Y¨Ç¦Ã¬V¡A¥²¶·¨Ï¥ÎµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¡C

 ¨Ï¥ÎµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQªº²z¥Ñ¡G

  1. They provide basic media to which organic compounds can be added according to requirements.¥HµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¬°°òªÎ¡A¦Aµø»Ý¨D¦Ó²K¥[¦³¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¡C

2.    Algae intermingled with bacteria, as they always are in nature, cannot generally be cultivated solutions containing organic substances, because the bacteria would multiply to such an extent that algae would be injured.¥HµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ°ö¾i²Óµß¸û¤£©ö¤j¶q¼W¥Í¦Ó¦M®`¨ìĦÃþ¡C

  1. For some algae organic compounds are not beneficial and may even be detrimental.¹ï¬Y¨ÇĦÃþ¦Ó¨¥¦³¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¥i¯à¬O¦³®`ªº¡C
  2. Species growing in waters almost completely devoid of organic substances contrast in their nutritional requirements with those found in polluted waters. It is of interest to know how the respective groups behave in organic solutions.¬°¤F¹ï·Ó¡]¤ñ¸û¡^¥Íªø©ó§¹¥þµL¦³¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤Î¥Í¬¡©óÀô¹Ò³Q¦³¾÷ª«½è¦Ã¬VªºÄ¦Ãþ¡C
  1. .¿@«×¤Î¦¨¥÷¡]²Õ¦¨¡^Concentration and composition¡R


³Ì¦­°ö¾iĦÃþ¬O¥H¤ô¯Ñªk>¥¢±Ñ>¦]¬°¤Ó»Ä>§ó§ïpH­È¬°ÆP©Ê>¦¨¥\¡I¡I¦ýµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQªº¯S©Ê¤Öª¾¡]¿@«×¡B¦¨¥÷µ¥¡^¡C¦¹¥~Àç¾iÆQ°t¤èªººë±K¤Î½ÆÂø©Ê±`·|³y¦¨»~¾É¡C ¹ï·Ó¦UºØÀç¾iÆQªº°t¤è¥iµo²{¬°¹F¨ì¥Øªº¡AÀç¾iÆQªº¦¨¥÷¶·¦³¦h¼Ë©Ê¥B¶q¥ç¶·ºë½T¦a¼Ð¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C
M¤j³¡¥÷ªºÄ¦Ãþ¤£·|¦]°ö¾iÆQ¦¨¥÷¦³¨ÇÅܤƦӤj¨ü¼vÅT¡A§_«h¥¦­Ì«ç¯à¦b¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤¤¥Í¦s¤U¥h¡C
MĦÃþ¥»¨­§ïÅܩҳy¦¨ªº¼vÅT¤ñÀç¾iÆQªº§ïÅܧó¨ã¨M©w©Ê¡C

 

¡]¤]´N¬O»¡¡A Àç¾iÆQªº¿@«×¤Î¦¨¥÷ªº¤pÅܤƬO¤£­È±o°Q½×ªº¡C¡^
MÃö¤ß´á¡B¶t¡BÅK¡B¶u¤Î´âµ¥ªº¿@«×¤w¦¨¬°¾ú¥v¡A¦ý¤]¤£¥i¥ß§Y©ß±ó¤§¡C

¾¨¶q²¤ÆÀç¾iÆQªº°t¤è¡A¦h°µ¹êÅç¦b¦X²zªºª¬ªp¤U¾i¥XĦÃþ¡C
¦b¯S©w»Ý¨D¤U¡A¤£¦P¿@«×¤§Àç¾iÆQ¬O¥²¶·ªº¡A¦]¨ä¥iÀò±o³Ì¨Î¤§¥Íªø¡C

B.´á¤§¨ÑÀ³The nature of the nitrogen supply¡R
MĦÃþ¸û¤£³ßÅw¨Èµv»ÄÆQ(nitrites)¡A¬Æ¦Ü¨Èµv»ÄÆQ¹ïĦÃþ¦³¬r¡A¦]¦¹Ä¦Ãþ¤j³¡¥÷¬O§Q¥Îµv»ÄÆQ(nitrate)¤Î®òÆQ(ammonium salts)¡C

M¨ã¸­ºñ¯ÀªºÄ¦Ãþ¯à§Q¥Îµv»ÄÆQ¤Î®òÆQ¡A¦ý¨S¦³ÃC¦âªºÄ¦Ãþ¥u¯à§Q¥Î®òÆQ¡C

 ¥Ñ©óĦÃþ¸û³ßÅw§Q¥Î®òÆQ¡A¬G¤ô¤¤ªº®òÆQ·|³vº¥´î¤Ö¡A¤ôªºpH­È¤U­°->¤ôÅÜ»Ä->¤£¾A¦X¤j³¡¥÷ªºÄ¦Ãþ¥Íªø¡C¦]¦¹¥i§Q¥Î(NH4)2HPO4¤ÎKNO3¤GªÌ¨Ó°t»s´áÆQ¡M¨ä¤¤KNO3¸û¤£·|¼vÅTpH­È¬G¨ä¨Ï¥Î¿@«×¥i¥H°ª©ó(NH4)2HPO4¡M¦]¬°(NH4)2HPO4¤¤ªºNH4¥ý³Q¥Î±¼¡A³y¦¨pH­È¤U­°¡C

¦b°ªµ¥´Óª«¤¤ªº¤p³Á¡A¦]¬°¦P®É§Q¥Î±¼NH4¤ÎNO3©Ò¥HpH¯à«O«ù¥­¿Å¡C

¨ä¥¦¤Æ¾Ç¤¸¯ÀOther chemical elements¡R
´â¤£¥²­n¡A¶tªº¥\¯à¤£½T©w¡A¦]³\¦hĦÃþ¦b¨S¦³¶tªº°ö¾i²G¤¤¥Íªø±o«Ü¦n¡C

ÁC¥i¦³®Ä½w½ÄHÂ÷¤l¡]¼W¥[ÆP«×¡^¡A¦ý¦pªG¦³¤j¶qªºÁC¦s¦b¡A«h¥i¯àµLªkÁ×§KĦÃþªº¤j¶qÁc¥Í¡C

ÂùºÒ»ÄÆQ¦b¦ÛµM¬É¦³½w½Äªº§@¥Î¡A¦ý¦b¹êÅç«Ç¤¤«hµLªk§Q¥Î¡C

¾L»ÄÆQ¥ç¥i§Q¥Î¨Ó½w½Ä»ÄÆP«×¡A¦ý¨ä®e©ö³QĦÃþ¥NÁ±¼¡C

¨ä¥¦ª«²z¡V¤Æ¾Ç¹êÅ窺½w½Ä²G«h¥i¯à¦³¬r¡C
MĦÃþ§Y¨Ï¦b¤»¤j¥²¶·¤¸¯ÀK¡NCa¡NMg¡NFe¡NS¤ÎP¥H¾A·íªºÆQÃþ¡B¿@«×¤ÎpH­È¤U¡A¦b±µÄò¤U¨Óªº¦¸¥N°ö¾i(subculture)¤¤¥i¯à©Ò¦³ªºÄ¦Ãþ¥þ¦º¥ú¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¥u¦³¦³­­«×¤§¦¨ªø¡C¨ä¥i¯à­ì¦]¬OĦÃþ¶·­n¨ä¥¦«D±`§C¿@«×ªº¯S©w¤¸¯À¡C(ex. Spirogyra¦bµw¬Á¼þ²~°ö¾i->¥¢±Ñ¡C¦b´¶³q¬Á¼þ²~°ö¾i->¦¨¥\¡C±À´ú¡G´¶³q¬Á¼þ²~¥i´£¨ÑÆP©ÊÆQÃþ¤Î¬Y¨Ç¥²¶·¤¸¯À¡]ÆQÃþ¡^¡C
M¯S©wªº¯B´åĦÃþ¥u¯à¥Í¦s©ó°t¤è¸û½ÆÂøªº°ö¾i²G¤¤¡A¨ä­ì¦]¥i¯à¬°¡ª½w½Ä¡ª¤§¥²­n¤Î¦UÂ÷¤l¤§¥­¿Å¡A¥t¥~¥²¶·¤¸¯Àªº¸É¥R¥ç«Ü­«­n¡C
M²K¥[¥Ñ¦³¾÷ª«½è¦Ó¨Ó¤§¦Ç¥÷(ashes of organic tissues)¡A¥Nªí©Ò¦³ªº¥²¶·¤¸¯À³£¦³¤F¡C->¥ÎÆQ»Ä±N¦Ç¥÷·»¸Ñ¡A¦A¤¤©M¤§¡A¥iÀò±o¾A·íªº°ö¾i²G¡C

ÅK¡N»É¡N¾N¡N¿ø¡N໡N¸K¡Nª¿µ¥³Q»{¬°¬O¤£¥i¯Ê¡]¥²¶·¡^¤§¤¸¯À¡A¦]¬°¥¦­Ì¦b°ªµ¥´Óª«¤Î¿¸Ãþªº¾i´Þ¤¤¡A¦³®Äªº¼vÅT¨ä¥Íªø¡C

The fact the much more is known concerning nutrient solutions for higher plants shows that there is still a wide and promising field for investigation with respect to algae.µM¦Ó¦bĦÃþ©|¦³³\¦h¦¹¤è­±ªº»â°ì¶·±´°Q¡C

3.   ¤gÄ[¡Nªd·Ñµ¥¤§µÑ¨úª«Extracts of soil, peat, etc.¡R

 Humus compounds, however, seemed to offer greater promise, since they occur in most natural habitats, though only in low concentration.

»G½è»Ä¤Æ¦Xª«¡AÁöµM¥u¥H§C¿@«×¨Ï¥Î¡A¦]¬°¨ä¨Ó¦Û©óĦÃþ¤ÑµMªº´Ï®§¦a¡M¨ä¦ü¥G¯à¦³«Ü¤jªº´£ª@¥Íªøªº¥\¥Î¡C

The humus cannot be extracted with alkaline solutions, because, as a result of neutralization, colloidal humic acids are precipitated.¤£¥i¥ÎÆP©Ê·»²G¨ÓµÑ¨ú¡A¦]¤¤©M§@¥Î·|±N¨ä¨H¾ý¥X¨Ó¡C But, by treating soil with boiling water, a brown liquid is obtained which is effective. Any garden soil is suitable, but old leaf mold that has undergone decay for at least three years is best; if there has been less decay, the growth of many bacteria is encouraged. If possible the earth should contain no clay, the presence of which makes it difficult to obtain a clear solution. Acid soil can be neutralized by the addition of chalk before boiling.¥ÎµNªº¤èªk¨ÓµÑ¨ú¡C¥H»G±Ñ¹L¤§ªá¶é¤gÄ[¸û¦n¡C
MµÑ¨ú¤èªk¡G³q±`¬O¤ô¡R¤g=2¡R1¨ÓµÑ¨ú¡A¦b°t°ö¾i²G®É¦Aµ}ÄÀ10¦Ü50­¿¡C

¤gÄ[µÑ¨ú²Gªº¥\¥Î¥i¯à¬°¡R1.buffer§@¥Î¡ã¥iÁ×§KFe3ªº¨H¾ý¡C2.§t¦³¬Y¨Ç¥²¶·¤¸¯À¡C

¤gÄ[µÑ¨ú²G¥i¥HµJ¿}©ÎÅK¤Æª«¥N´À¡C

(¦]¬°¤gÄ[µÑ¨ú²G¥u§t¤Ö¶q¦³¾÷ª«½è¡A¦]¦¹¤U­±±N¤¶²Ð¦p¦ó¨ÓµÑ¨ú¦³¾÷ª«½è¡C¡^

  1. ¦³¾÷°ö¾i°òOrganic media¡R

A. Organic compounds.

±Npure culture¤§Ä¦ºØ±µºØ©ó¦³¾÷°ö¾i°ò¤¤¡A¦pªG¦¹pure culture¦³²Óµß¦Ã¬V«h°ö¾i°ò¤W·|¦³²Óµß¤j¶q¼W¥Í²{¶H¡Aªí¥Ü¦¹pure culture¯uªº¨ü²Óµß¦Ã¬V¡C

 ¤@¨Ç¤£¨ã¸­ºñ¯À¤§Ä¦Ãþ¡A¯S§O¬O»G¥Í©ÊĦÃþ¡A©úÅã¦a¦³¾÷ª«½è¬O«Ü­«­nªº¡C
M²z½×¤W¡A³\¦h¤Æ¦Xª«³£¥²¶·¥ýÀ|¸Õ¡A¦pªG¦³¼@¬rªº´N¥²¶·¤@¶}©l´N¤£¨Ï¥Î¡A¦Ó¨ã¦³ÁͤÆ(chemotactic attraction)©Ê½èªº¤Æ¦Xª«¡A·íµM¸û¬°¦³®Ä¡C¦ý¯à°÷¨ÏĦÃþ§Ö³t¥B¤j¶q¼W´ÞªÌ¡A«h¥u¦³¤Ö¼Æ´XºØ¤Æ¦Xª«³Q¨Ï¥Î¡C¨ä¤¤¥i¤À¬°¥H¤U¤T¤j²Õ¡G

 ºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«carbohydrates¡C

Dextrose(R) 0.2-5%

 ¦³¾÷»ÄÆQÃþsalts of organic acids¡C

Acetates(R) 0.1-0.5%

 Peptone®ø¤Æ³J¥Õ¡C

Peptones result from the enzymatic decomposition of proteins.
M°ö¾i°ò¦pªG¦³¨ä¥¦ªº¦³¾÷ª«¦s¦b¡A¨Ò¦p¿}©Î¾L»ÄÆQ¡Apeptoneªº¿@«×¬°0.02-0.2%¡A¦ý¦pªG¥ú¥u¥Îpeptone«h¿@«×µy°ª¤@ÂI¸û¦n¡C½Õ°tpeptone©Î¨ä¥¦¦³¾÷ª«½èªº°ö¾i°ò¸û¤£·|¹³°tµL¾÷°ö¾i°ò®É¡A¦³pH­ÈÅܤƪº°ÝÃD¡A¦ýpH­È¤´µM¶·ª`·N¡C

B.   .´Óª«¤Î°Êª«²Õ´¤§µÑ¨úª«Extracts of plant and animal tissues¡R

Extracts of seeds, especially when germinating, contain many valuable nutritive substances. During germination starch is transformed into dextrine¡]½kºë¡^, maltose¡]³ÁªÞ¿}¡^ and dextrose¡]¸²µå¿}¡^, proteins into albumoses¡]½¨¡^ and amino-acids, all of which are soluble in water and can be extracted by boiling. Such seeds appear also to contain subsidiary substances, capable of promoting growth, which are still insufficiently know. ½kºë¡R¤¶©ó¾ý¯»©M³ÁªÞ¿}¶¡¡C½¨¡R¥[¼ö¤£¾®µ²ªº¤@ºØ¤p¤À¤l³J¥Õ½è¡C

& Most usually malt¡]³ÁªÞ¡^is employed.F ¿@«×¬°0.2-3%

? beef extract:¥HDifco¼tµP¼Ð·Ç¤Æªº²£«~³Ì¦n¡CF ¿@«×¬°0.05-0.5%

? yeast extract:¥i¥H¤@ºØyeast autolysate¡]¦Û·»ÆQ¡^¨Ó½Õ»s¡G85gªºÄÑ¥]»Ã¥À¤Î400mLªº¦Û¨Ó¤ô¡A¸Ë©ó²~¤º¨ä¤WÂл\´X¢Pªºtoluol¡]¥Ò­f¡^¡AÅͰʥH«á®êºò²~»\¡A¸m©ó30-40¢J¤U°ö¾i´X¤Ñ¡A­n¥Î®É¦A¥HºwºÞ§l¨ú¡A¦ý­nÁ×§K§l¨ì¥Ò­f¡A·L¶qªº¥Ò­f¦b·Àµß®É·|´§µo±¼¡C

  1. ¾®½¦ª¬ªº°ö¾i°òGelatinous media¡G

Such gel-like media are used for plating, for maintaining cultures and for experimental purposes. The principal object attained by using these media is to fix cells at specified places so that they can be easily observed and can develop into genetically homogeneous populations. ¥Î©ó¹º½u°ö¾i®É¡B¥Î©ó¹êÅç»Ý¨D®É¡C¥D­n¦a¬O§Q¥Î¦¹°ò½è¨Ó±N²Ó­M©T©w©ó¯S©wªº¦a¤è¡A¨Ï¨ä©ö©óÆ[¹î¨Ãµo¨|¦¨¿ò¶Ç¤W¬Û¦P¤§±Ú¸s¡C

Such gels must therefore be sufficiently solid to prevent mingling of the cells, be translucent admit of observation with the naked eye and with optical instruments, and must contain food substances to allow of multiplication.½¦­n¨¬°÷©T¤Æ¡AÁ×§K¨ä¥¦²Ó­M²V¤J¡C³z©ú«×­n°ª¡A¥i¥H³Q¦×²´¤Î¥ú¾ÇÅã·LÃèÆ[¹î¡F¦¹¥~©|¶·§t¦³¨ÏĦÃþ¥i¥H¼W´ÞªºÀç¾i¡C

An appropriate medium is obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of gels and a suitable nutrient medium.

& gelatine¡R(8-10%)

Gelatine is no longer employed as much as in the early days of microbiology, buy it is still used for various purposes, especially to test organisms for the presence of proteolytic enzymes.¥Î¨Ó´ú¸Õ·L¥Íª«¬O§_¦³³J¥Õ¤ô¸Ñú@¡A«D±`¦³¥Î¡C

Fgelatine¤£¯à¸m©ó·Àµß©ò¤¤¡A¥u¯à¦b»]®ð½c¤¤»]¼Æ¤Ñ¡AµM«á¦b¦³¼ö¤ôªºº|¤æ¤¤¹LÂo¡A¥H«K¨Ï¨ä³z©ú¡C¤ñ¸û²{¦sªº°t¤è¡M¦¹¨BÆJÁÙ¤£ºâ¬O¤Ó³Â·Ð¡C

F ¤èªk¡G

  1. The necessary amount of gelatine is soaked in 90% of the water. Gelatine·»©ó¤E¥÷¤ô¤¤¡C
  2. the nutritive substances are dissolved in the remaining 10% of the water and, if necessary, the solution is filtered.Àç¾iÆQ·»©ó¤@¥÷¤ô¤¤¡C
  3. To obtained a clear a gel, a little dry egg albumen is shaken up with a small quantity of the water and the clear fluid poured into the nutritive solution.§Q¥Î³J¥Õ¨Ó§lªþ²V¿Bª«¦Ó¨Ï¨H¾ý¥X¨Ó¡C
  4. The required number of test tubes, provided with cotton wool plugs, is prepared. These , as well as the flasks containing (1) and (2), are autoclaved for a minute or two. After the autoclave has cooled, the gelatine and nutritive solutions are mixed, and 6-7¢Wpoured into each of the sterile but still hot test tubes, contamination by touching the rims of the flasks and tubes being avoided.±N(1)¤Î(2)·Àµß«á¡A²V¦X¦Aª`¤J·Àµß¹L¤§¸ÕºÞ¤º¡C

F¸ÕºÞ¸m¶É±×¦ì¸m¡C
 
? agar¡R¦P¼Ë¦aagar²G©MÀç¾iÆQ²G¤£¥i²V¦b¤@°_·Àµß¡C¡]¤À§O·Àµß«á¦A²V¦X¡^¡C

F agar³£·|¾®µ²¡A¨ä¦nÃa¤§¤À¦b©ó¼u©Êªº±j«×¡G¤£¦nªºagar¡A¦b·n°Ê®É©ö¯}¸H¡A¦b±µºØ®É®e©ö³Q§Ë¯}¡A±×­±©ö©ó­Ë¶ò¡A¦Ó¨ÏĦÃþ¤£©ö¥Íªø¡C

F¤£­n¤@¦¸°µ¤Ó¦h¡A¦]¬°­«Âз»¸Ñ¬O¦³®`ªº¡A­«Âз»¸Ñªºagar®e©öÅܰ®¡C

F©ñalbumenµL§U©ó³z©ú«×¡A¦ý§ï©ñ¤@¤ùÅÖºû¯È¥i¥H¨Ï¨äÅܳz©ú¡C

F ¦pªGagar¬O§e¶À¶ÀªºÃC¦âªí¥Ü¥[¼ö¤Ó¤[¤F¡C

F¦b»Ä©Ê©Î»G±Ñªk¤¤©ö¨Ïagarªºµw«×Åܤp¡A¦Ó¼vÅT¨ä¼u©Ê¡C

F¨Ï¥Îµ}ÄÀªºagar²G¥iÁ×§KĦÃþ²Ó­M¤Ó§Ö¨H¨ì©³³¡¡C

? silica¡R§÷®Æ¬°ª¿»Ä¶u¤SºÙ¤ô¬Á¼þwater-glass(Na2SiO3)
F¦b°t»s¤§«e¥ý±Nª¿»Ä¶u¥Hµ}ÆQ»Ä¬~¤@¤U¡A¥i¨Ïª¿»Ä¶uªºÂø½è¡]¨ä¥¦ÆQÃþ¡^¤Î®ñ¤Æªº¤G®ñ¤Æª¿¨H¾ý¥X¨Ó¡C
& ª¿»Ä¶u©Ò§tªºÆQ·|¨ÏmediumªºÆQ¿@«×¤Ó°ª¡C
? ¤G®ñ¤Æª¿©ö¨ÏmediumÅܵw¡C

Fµ}ÆQ»Äªº°tªk¡G

¯ÂHClµ}ÄÀ¦¨1.1¤§¤ñ­««á¦A¥[¤E­¿ªº¤ôµ}ÄÀ¡C

F¬~ª¿»Ä¶u®É¡Mª¿»Ä¶u¡Rµ}ÆQ»Ä¬°1¡R1¡C

F ¬~ªk¡G

  1. .¤ô¬y¬~24¤p®É¥H¤W¡C
  2. .­Ë¸m¡A±N¤ôºw°®¡C
  3. .¥[¤J»]ÃH¤ô¡C
  4. .±N»]ÃH¤ô¸m´«¦¨Âù­¿¿@«×¡]§Y¤@¯ë¿@«×ªº2­¿¡^ªºÀç¾i²G¡A¸m©ñ¹j©]¡C
  5. .ºCºC¥[¼ö¡]·Àµß¡^¥H§K²£¥Í®ðªw¡C°£«D¦Ã¬V²ÓµßªºÌU¤l¡A§_«h¥[¼ö¤@¤p®É«K¨¬°÷¡C

F Silica-gel plates are used for the culture of autotrophic organisms, which on agar would become overgrown by bacteria. They have proved useful in the preparation of pure cultures of Cyanophyceae and would no doubt be more widely empl9oyed, were it realized that their preparation is not especially difficult.³Ì¾A¦X¦ÛÀç©ÊĦÃþ¡A¦]agar®e©ö´þ¥Í²Óµß¡C¥H¨ä°ö¾iÂźñĦ³Ì¾A°t¡A¦¹¥~¨Ã¥i¼sªx¥Î©ó¨ä¥¦«~ºØ¡A¦]¨ä»s³Æ¤W¤£¬O¯S§OªºÁ}Ãø¡C

  1. ¤£³z©ú©TÅé°ò½èOpaque solid substrata¡G
  1. ¼éÀ㪺©TÅé°ò½è¡A¨Ò¦pªd¤g¡B¾ð¥Öµ¥¡C¥Î©óÄ~¥N°ö¾i(subculture)¦³¹ê»Úªº®ÄªG¡C

F¥²¶·¥[¼ö®ø¬r¡A§_«h²Óµß·|overgrowth¡C¦ý¥[¼ö·|²£¥Í»G´Ó»Ä¡A¹ïĦÃþ¦³®`¡C
 
F¬â¡B¥Û»I¡BÂo¯È¡BÅÖºû¯À¡B¦h¤Õªº³³¾¹¤Î²¡¾¹µ¥ºc¦¨¤§°ò½è¤]¥i§Q¥Î¡R©ñ¦b¬Á¼þ²~¤º¡A¥[°ö¾i²G«á·Àµß¤§¡C

F ¦n³B¡G

&¦h¤ÕF creeping filamentous species¥i¬ï³z¡C

? semi-moist¥b¼éÀã¡C

? ¸û¹³¦ÛµMª¬ªp¡C

Chapter IV ²Ä¥|³¹

¥H¥­ªO°ö¾iªk¨Ó°µ¯Â°ö¾iPlating methods for making pure cultures

The aim of any plating method is threefold¥Øªº¦³¤T :

  1. to immobilize single individuals, if possible individual cells, so that they do not become intermingled.©T©w³æ¿W­ÓÅé¡AÁ×§K¨ä¥¦«~ºØ²V¤J¡C
  1. to separate them from other organisms which might interfere with their development.¤ÀÂ÷¥i¯à¼vÅT¥¦­Ì¥Íªøªº¨ä¥¦¥Íª«¡C
  1. to provide them with nutriment and other conditions favorable for their multiplication into genetically homogeneous populations.´£¨ÑÀç¾i¤Î¨ä¥¦¸û¾A©yª¬ªp¡A¨Ï¨ä¯à¤j¶q¥Í´Þ¬Û¦P¿ò¶Ç©Êªº±Ú¸s¡C¡]¨Ï¤@­ÓĦÃþ³Q¤ÀÂ÷¡A¨Ã¨Ï¨ä«á¥N¤´ºû«ù³æÂ÷ª¬ºA¡A¥Bºû«ù¦b¤@­Ó¯S©wªº¤p°Ï°ì¤¤¥Íªø¡C¡^

F colonies:¬Û¦P¿ò¶Ç±Ú¸sF starting-point for ¡§pure culture¡¨.

F Plating media¥­ªO°ö¾iªkªº°ò½è¥²¶·¡G

& ¥R¨¬ªº©T¤Æ¡A¥HÁ×§K²Ó­M¤¬¬Û²V¦X¡C

? ¯à§lªþÀç¾iª«½è¤Î¤ô¥÷©ó°ò½è¤¤¡C

? ¶·¥b³z©ú¡A¥H«K©óÆ[¹î¤Î¬ã¨s¡C

¥­ªO°ö¾iªk¥i¤À¬°¨âºØ¡A²V¦Xªk¤Îªí­±±µºØªk¡G

  1. Mixing²V¦Xªk:

Gelatine is no longer used for this purpose, because it is easily liquefied by micro-organisms and because many species fail to grow on it.

F ¾®½¦¤w¤£¦A¨Ï¥Î¡M¦]¬°¥¦®e©ö³Q·L¥Íª«²G¤Æ¨Ã¥B¦³³\¦hĦºØµLªk¦b¾®½¦¤¤¥Íªø¡C²{§¡§ï¥ÎĦ½¦(agar)¡C

F¤èªk¡G

ÅͰʨϲӭM§¡§¡¤Ã¤À´²¡A¥[¤J·Àµß¤ôµ}ÄÀ¡]³sÄòµ}ÄÀ¦Ü¤@©w¶qªº¼Æ¥Ø¡^? ¤@©w¶qªº²Ó­M©M²G¤Æ¡]©|¥¼©T¤Æ¡^ªºagar¬Û²V¦X(at 40-50¢J) ? ±ÛÂà¥H¨Ï¨ä§¡¤Ã¤À§G? ©T¤Æ¡C

F¦¹¤èªkªº¯ÊÂI¡G

& ¤£ª¾¦óªÌ·|ªø¥X¨Ó¡C

? ¬Y¨Ç«~ºØ¤£·|¦bagar¤º¥Íªø¡A¨Ò¦p¦çĦChlamydomonas¡N¯À¦çĦPolytoma¤£¦bagar¤º¥Íªø¡C

? ¦bagar¤ºCO2¥i¯à¯Ê¥F¡C

? ¦bagar¤ºªº±Ú¸s¨ä¥Íªø¸û¦bªí­±¤W¥ÍªøªººC¡A¥B¥~ªí§ÎºA¤£©ö¿ëÃÑ¡C

M¦b¤T¨¤²~¤ºªºmixing culture¡]agar¤ÎĦÃþ±Ú¸s¡^¡A¥i¯à»Ý¼Æ¬P´Á¦Ü¼Æ­Ó¤ë¤~¥iªø¨ì¥i¤À¿ë¤ÎÂà´Þªº¤j¤p¡C

? ¦b¤T¨¤²~¤ºªºagar­n¥´¦¨¸H¤ù¤~¯à¨ú¥XĦÃþ¡A¦b¥´¸H¹Lµ{«Ü®e©ö³y¦¨²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡C

? mixed¤èªk¥²¶·­«ÂЫܦh¦¸¤~¯à¹F¦¨pure culture.

  1. Surface inoculationªí­±±µºØªk¡G

F For these various reasons¡]°ò©ó¥H¤Wªº²z¥Ñ¡^it is preferable to spread the algal cells over the surface of the agar after it has solidified.¥Ñ©ómixedªk¯ÊÂI¤Ó¦h¡A©Ò¥Hªí­±±µºØªk¸û±`¥Î¡C
F ÀuÂI¡G¦bªí­±¤ñ¦bagar¤º¡M¸û©ö¹F¨ìpure culture¡C

F ¯ÊÂI¡Gªí­±¸û©öªø¥X¤Ó¦h²Óµß¡C¡]¦pªGĦÃþ¯à°÷¥HÂX´²ªº¤è¦¡ªø¥X¨Ó¡A«h¥i«Ü®e©ö±N¨ä¬D¥X¨Ó¡C¡^

F ¦]¸û¼b®zªºÄ¦Ãþ¥u¯à¦bagarªí­±¥Íªø¡A¦Ó¨º¨Ç¥Hmixedªk¯à¥ÍªøªºÄ¦Ãþ¡A³q±`¬°¸û¦³­@©Êªº«~ºØ¡A³q±`¨ä¤S¸ûµL¬ã¨sªº»ù­È¡C

F ¨Ï¥Îªí­±±µºØªk¶·ª`·N¡G

&agar­n¦³¥R¨¬ªº°í¹ê«×¡C

? «OÅ@¨ä¤£¨ü¦Ã¬V¡C

F ¨Ï¥Î°ö¾i¥×(Petridish)ªº°ÝÃD¡G

& ªÅ®ð¤¤²ÓµßÌU¤lªº¦Ã¬V¡C

? agar©öÅܰ®¡C

F¦]°ö¾i¥×¬°°ö¾iĦÃþ¤£¥i©Î¯Ê¤§¾¹¨ã¡A¬G¶·¥H¤U¦C¨Æ¶µ¨Ó§ï¶i¡G

& °ö¾i¥×ªº»\¤l¥²¶·»\ºò¡C

? ¥²¶·¨Æ¥ý·Àµß¡C

? Àô¹Ò­n°®²b¡C

? °ö¾i¥×·Àµß«á­n¥ß§Y¨Ï¥Î¡C

? °ö¾i¥×¶·©ñ¦b°®²bªº¦a¤è¡C

? °ö¾i¥×­n¨Ï¥Î®É¤~¯à®³¨ì¹êÅç¥x¤W¡A¥B¶·¥ß§Y¨Ï¥Î¡C

? »\¤W»\¤l«á¶·¥Î¶K¥¬¶Kºò¡C

F¤U¦C¤T¶µ­ì«h¥i¨Ïplating¸û©ö¦¨¥\¡G

& ¨Ï¥Î²³æµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¨Ó°tagar¡]²Óµß¦bµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQ¤¤¸û¤£©ö´þ¥Í¡^¡C

? ¦h½m²ß¥i¥H´î¤Ö²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡C

? ¥[¸²µå¿}¥i¥[³tĦÃþ¥Íªø¡A¦ý¤]¥[³tµßµ·ªº¥Íªø¡A¨Ã¥B¥[¸²µå¿}¨Ã¤£¬O§¡¾A¦X©ó©Ò¦³Ä¦Ãþ¡A¬G¥[ªd·Ñ©Î¤gÄ[(peat or soil)ªºµÑ¨ú²G¸û¦n¡]¤£¥i¦P®É¦b·Àµß©ò¤¤¥[¼ö¡^¡C

F ¦pªG·Q§Q¥Î¤@ºØ¨Ï²Óµß¤£ªø©Îªø±oºCªº°ö¾i°ò¨Ó¾iĦÃþ¡A¬O¤£¾A·íªº¡A¡]¾A±o¨ä¤Ï¡^¦]¬°Åý²Óµßªø¥X¨Ó¦Ü¦×²´¥i¨£¡A¤~¯à°÷±q²Óµßªºcolonies¤¤¬D¥XĦÃþ¨Ó¡C? ¿ïÂ÷²Óµß³Ì»·ªºÄ¦Ãþªºcolonies³Ì¦n¡C

F ¤TºØ¤èªk¥i¨ÏĦÃþ§¡¤Ã¤À¥¬©óagarªí­±¡A¦ý¦U¦³¨äÀu¯ÊÂI¡G

& ¼QÃúªk(spraying method) ¨ä¤SºÙ¬°²V¦Xªk(mixing method)¡R(see text pg.63 fig. 2: Spray diffuser)

Fªí¼h¥u¯à¼Q¤@¼hÁ¡Á¡ªº¡A§_«hĦÃþ²Ó­M·|²V¤Jagar¤º¡C

F¨Ï¥Îªºagar plate­n¸ûµw¡A³o¼Ë¼QÅx¦b¨ä¤Wªº¤ô¡A·|¸û§Ö°®±¼¡C

FĦÃþ²Ó­Mªº¿@«×­n¬Û·í¿@¡A¥B¤£¥i¦³¤Ó¦h²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡C

? ¹º½uªk(streaking method)¡RC ¥Î¹º½uªkªº¦n³B¦b©ó¤£»Ý¤j¶qªº²Ó­M¨Ó±µºØ¡C¨ä¤èªk¬°¡G

¥Ñ¢°³B¶}©l¹º¡A¦b½u¥½ºÝ¥æ±µ³BÂà¦V¡A¶}©l¢±³B¤§¹º½u¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¦b½u¥½ºÝ¥æ±µ³BÂà¦V¶}©l¢²³B¤§¹º½u¡C¨ä¤¤¸s¸¨¤§±K«×¥Ñ¢°¦V¢²º¥¤p¡C¦]¦¹¥Ñ¢²³B¸û©ö¬D¥X³æ¤@ĦºØ¡C

F¥i¥Î¬Á¼þ´Î©Î¥Õª÷µ·¡A¤]¥i¥Î¨ä¥¦¾¹¨ã¨Ò¦p´Öªá´Îµ¥¨Ó¹º½u¡Aµø±µºØªºÄ¦Ãþ¨ä¤j¤p¤Î¯S©Ê¦Ó©w¡C

? ¯S®íªk¡R§Q¥ÎĦÃþ¥»¨­¥i¥Hª¦¦æªº¯à¤O¡C

F³Ì°Q¹½ªº¬O¡A¦b³o¨Ç·|ª¦ªº«~ºØ¤¤¡A¦³¨Ç¤£¬O§Ú­Ì­nªº«~ºØF³Â·Ð¤j¤F¡I

FCreeping movements are exhibited by Cyanophyceae¡]ÂźñĦ¡^, Desmids¡]¹ªÄ¦¡^ and Diatoms¡]ª¿Ä¦¡^, as well as by the amoeboid stages of Chrysophyceae¡]ÅܧδÁªºª÷ĦÃþ¡^and other organisms.

F¤£©¯ªº¡A·|ª¦¦æªºÄ¦Ãþ¨ä¥~ªí³q±`·|ÂЦ³¤@¼h¥Ñ¨ä©Ò¤Àªcªº½¦½è¡A¦¹½¦½è·¥©öµÛ¥Í²Óµß¡C

F§ïµ½¤èªk¬°­n±µºØªºÄ¦Ãþ¦b±µºØ«e¶·¥ý¬~¤@¤U¡C

¨Ò¦p¡G±N§t©ó½¦½è(mucus)ªºª¿Ä¦°ö¾i©óagar¤§¤W«e¡M¥ý¥H¤ò²ÓºwºÞªk(capillary pipette)²M¬~¤@¤U¡]µù¡G¤U¤@³¹Á¿¤ò²ÓºÞªk¡^¡A¥i¥HÁ×§K¦bª¿Ä¦©|¥¼¤j¶q¥Íªø«e´N¦³²Óµß¤ÎÅܧÎÂΤj¶qªø¥X¨Ó¡C
? ¨ä¤¤¥H¼QÃúªk³Ì¦n¡A¦ý¤]¸û¤£©ö¾Þ§@¡C

¥­ªO°ö¾iªk¤Î¥­ªO°ö¾iªk¡AĦÃþ²Ó­M¤À§G¸û¬°§¡¤Ã¡C

  1. Transference of bacteria-free cells to sterile media±NµLµßĦÃþ²Ó­MÂà´Þ¦ÜµLµß°ö¾i°ò¤§¤èªk¡G

& A wire needle, to the tip of which water films or mucilage containing algal cells will adhere§Q¥Îª÷Äݽuªº¦yºÝ¨Óªg¨úĦÃþ²Ó­M¡R

Most workers use a platinum of nickel-chromium wire to pick up algal cells for inoculation into new media.¥Î¥Õª÷©Î»ÌÂì½u¨Ó¬D°_ĦÃþ¨Ã±µºØ¨ì·sªº°ö¾i°ò¡C¡]¦b±µºØ«eª÷Äݽu¶·¿N¬õ¡]·Àµß¡^¡^¡C

F¯ÊÂI¡GĦÃþªºcolonies¶·¤À±o«Ü¶}¡C

? A small lancet¡]¤p¤â³N¤M¡^ to cut out pieces of agar containing algal cells.±N§t¦³Ä¦Ãþªºagar¤Á¦¨¤p¸H¤ù¦AÂà´Þ¦Ü·s°ö¾i°ò¡C¡]¤M¤ù¥ç¶·¥ý¿N¬õ¡^¡C

? A capillary pipette of very fine dimensions for sucking up liquid with algal cells§Q¥Î·¥²Ó¤pªº¤ò²ÓºÞ¨Ó§l¨úĦÃþ²Ó­M¡R

The best instrument is generally a capillary pipette, like that used for lifting cells from a liquid medium. This can be employed also on an agar surface.¤ò²ÓºÞ¬O³Ì¦nªº¤u¨ã¡A´N¦p¦P¥Ñ¤ô¤¤®»¨úĦÃþ²Ó­M¯ë¡A¤]¥i¥H¥Ñagarªºªí­±§l¨úĦÃþ¡C

Chapter V ²Ä¤­³¹

The pipetting or washing method¤ò²ÓºÞªk¡]©Î¬~º°ªk¡^

F µLªk¦bagar¤W¥Íªøªº¡A°Z¤£´NµLªkÀò­Ppure culture¡A¦]¦¹µo®i¥X¤ò²ÓºwºÞªk¡C

F ¾¹¨ã¡G

&Âù²´¸Ñ­åÅã·LÃè¡A­¿¼Æ¦b40-80­¿¡C

? ¤Ö¶qµLµß°ö¾i²G¡]¤Ó¦h¤Ï¦Ó·|§ä¤£¨ìĦÃþ²Ó­M¡A¦ý¸û¤j¶q¤§°ö¾i²G¥iµ}ÄÀ²Óµßªº¦Ã¬V¡^¡C

? ¦b°ö¾i¥×¤º©ñ¤@¿ö¬Á¼þ°µ¬°°ö¾i«Ç¡C

? ¤ò²ÓºwºÞ¡C

F ª`·N¨Æ¶µ¡G

&¤£¥i¥Î¦Û¨Ó¤ô¬~¡A¦]¬°Ä¦Ãþ²Ó­M¥i¯àÅܦ¨¥ð¯v²Ó­M(rest cells)¡C

? ¥Î°ö¾i¦¹Ä¦Ãþªº°ö¾i²G¨Ó¬~¤]¤£¦n¡A¦]¬°®e©ö°_ªwªj¡C³q±`¬O¥HµL¾÷Àç¾iÆQÃþ¤Î¤gÄ[µÑ¨ú²G©M¾A·íªºpH­È¸û¦n¡C

? ¦pªG¯àª`·NĦÃþªº¥ÍºA±¡§Î«h¸û¤£·|¥¢±Ñ¡C

? ¦pªG¥u¬O¥Î¨Ó§@µLµß°ö¾i¡]«D³æÂ÷²Ó­M¡^¡A«h¥i¦h§l¤@¨ÇĦÃþ²Ó­M¡C¦b§l¤@­Ó¤@­ÓĦÃþ²Ó­M®É¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¤ò²ÓºÞ¤ºªº²GÅé¤@¤W¤@¤Uªº¡Aª½¨ì¤ò²Ó§@¥Î°±¤î¬°¤î¡C

¦³¨ÇĦÃþ²Ó­M¨ã¦³ÁÍ¥ú©Ê¡A·|¦V¥ú·½¤@ª½¶]¡C¦]¦¹¥iÂà°Ê¿ö¬Á¼þ180¢X¨Ï¨ä¦V¥ú½u¤§¤è¦V¶]¡A«h¸û©ö§l¨ú¤§¡]·í²Ó­M²¾°Ê®É§Y¬°§l¨úªº¦n®É¾÷¡C

? ¦b±µºØ®É¤@¦¸ºØ¨â­Ó²Ó­M¸û«OÀI¡C

? ¤£¯à¥Î¤ò²ÓºÞªº³»ºÝ¥h²¾°ÊĦÃþ²Ó­M¡A¥²¶·¥Î§lªº¡C

¥¢±Ñ­ì¦]¡G

?º¯³zÀ£¡C

? ¦³®`ª«½è¡C

? pH­È¤£¾A·í¡C

? ®ðÅ馨¥÷¡C

F ÁöµM¦³«Ü¦h¤H»{¬°¸û¤jªº²Ó­M¤~¥i¯à³Q³æÂ÷(isolate)¥X¨Ó¡A¦ý³æÂ÷À³¤£¨ü²Ó­M¤j¤p¤§­­¨î¡A¨Æ¹ê¤WÃ@¤òĦÃþ³q±`¥u¦³10£gm¤j¤p¡A¤Ï¦Ó¸û©ö³Q§l¨ì¡C

F ¤£°ÊªºÄ¦Ãþ²Ó­M¨ä­­¨î¥i¯à¸û¦h¡A¥D­n¬O¥¦­Ì¸û¤£©ö³Q¿ë»{¥X¨Ó¡AĦÃþ²Ó­M¤Ó¤j¤Ï¦Ó¶·¸û±j§l¤O¤~¯à³Q¤ò²ÓºÞ§l¤W¨Ó¡A¥H¤Î­n¦h¬~´X¦¸¤~¯à¥h°£²Óµß¡C

F ¦³¤»¤j²z¥Ñ¨ÓÄ~Äò¨Ï¥Îagar culture¡G

 

&¥iÆ[¹î¨å«¬Ä¦Ãþ²Ó­M¤§¯S¼x¡B¯S©wªº§ÎºA¤Î´£¨Ñ¥ÍºA¤W¤§¸ê®Æ¡C

? ¦bagar¤W¤ñ²GÅ餺§ó®e©öÆ[¹îµ·ª¬Ä¦Ãþ¡C

? ¥i¥Hª½±µ¦bÅã·LÃè¤UÆ[¹î¨ìĦÃþ²Ó­Mªº¤Àµõ¡Bª¦°Ê¬Æ¦Ü¥Í´Þ¦æ¬°¡C

? ¥i²K¥[¯S§Oªºª«½è©óagar¤¤¡F¨Ò¦p¡G¤û¥¤¡B¾ý¯»¡B¿}©Î²K¥[«ü¥Ü¾¯¡A³o¨Ç¹ï»Ã¯À¬ã¨s¹Lµ{¦³­«¤j·N¸q¡C

? Agar culture¥i¥H«Ü¤è«K¦a¥Î¨Óªø¤[ºû«ùĦºØ¡C

? ĦÃþ¦bagar¤W¯àºû«ù°·±d¡M¨Ã¥B¤ñ¦b²GÅé°ö¾i°ò§ó®e©ö¿ëÃÑ¥X¬O§_¨ü¦Ã¬V¡C

 

Chapter VI ²Ä¤»³¹

Brief resume of the modes of preparation of pure cultures

¦A½T©w¹w³Æ¯Â°ö¾iªº¼Ò¦¡¡R

F It will be useful to recapitulate briefly the whole process of preparing pure cultures, to facilitate selection from among the various possibilities.

The first point to be taken into consideration is whether the species concerned is one which is motile during the greater part of its life (i.e. is one of the flagellates), or develops flagella for short periods only or not at all, or alternatively whether it exhibits active creeping movements.ĦºØ¨ã¬¡°Ê¯à¤O¬O§_¬°¨ä¤@¥Í¤¤µ´¤j³¡¥÷©Î¥u¦³¤@¤p³¡¥÷¡A¬Æ¦Ü¨S¦³¡A¥ç©Î¬O§_¦³ª¦¦æ¯à¤O¡A¦b¹w³Æ¯Â°ö¾i«e¬O­º¥ý­n¦Ò¼{²M·¡ªº¡C

In the first case the pipetting method is the most useful, and may be indispensable if the species fails to grow on agar. With true algae zoospores should be used wherever obtainable and treated like flagellates, i. e. first washed and then plated. ­º¥ý¡A¦pªGĦºØµLªk¦bagar¤W¥Íªø¡A¨º»ò¤ò²ÓºÞªk¬O¤£¥i©Î¯Ê¡M¥B¬O³Ì¦³¥Îªº¤èªk¡C¤S¦pªGĦºØ¥i¥H¦bagar¤W¥Íªø¡A«h¥iµ²¦Xpipetting¤Îplating¤GªÌ¤èªk¡C§Y¥ý¥Hpipettingªk¬~ĦÃþ²Ó­M«á¡A¦A¥Hplatingªk±NĦÃþ°ö¾i©óagar¤W¡CForms possessed of creeping movements are also washed and plated, but it is best not to distribute the cells uniformly, but to deposit them at definite places on the agar.·|ª¦¦æªºÄ¦Ãþ¦bplate¤§«e¡A¥i¥ý¥Î¤ò²ÓºÞªk¬~¹L«á¡A¦A±N¨ä±µºØ¦b¯S©w°Ï°ì¦Ó¤£¬O±N¨ä§¡¤Ã¤À´²ªº±µºØ¡C

F With most algae success is quickly achieved and with the least expenditure of labor by streaking the washed cells over an agar plate.±N¬~¹LªºÄ¦²Ó­M¥Î¹º½uªk±µºØ©óagar¤W¬O³Ì§Ö¯à¦¨¥\¦a¡A¥B³Ì¬Ù¤O¦a¾i¥X¤j³¡¥÷ªºÄ¦Ãþ¤§¤èªk¡CWhen the required species is contaminated with many other organisms, it is best to inoculate single cells into soil-and water cultures, the pH of which is adjusted to the prevailing in the original habitat. When sufficient multiplication has taken place, cells ate plated on to agar, either directly or, better, after renewed washing. Flagellate forms and zoospores ate washed carefully and repeatedly and can then be used to inoculate slopes or liquid media.¦pªGĦºØ¦Ã¬V¤F³\¦h¨ä¥¦¥Íª«¡]¨Ò¦p¡A²Óµß¡^¡A«h¥²¶·¥ý±N¦¹ºØÃþ±µºØ©ó¤gÄ[¡V¤ô¤§°ö¾i°ò¤¤¡A¨äpH­È­n½Õ¾ã±o©M¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤@¼Ë¡A·íĦÃþ²Ó­M¼Æ¶q¨¬°÷®É¡A³Ì¦n­«·s¦A¬~¹L¡AµM«á¤~±µºØ©óagar¤W¡CÃ@¤òĦÃþ«h¶·¥Î¤ò²ÓºÞªk­«ÂЬ~´X¦¸¦A±µºØ©ó±×©Yagar¤W©Î²GºA°ö¾i°ò¤º¡C

³æºØ(unialgal)ªºÄ¦Ãþ¥ý°ö¾i¦b¤gÄ[¡V¤ô(soil-water culture)ªº°ö¾i°ò¤º¤§¦n³B¡]¥ý¹w¾i¦b²Óµß¸ûµLªk¥Í¦sªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¡^¡G

&¥i½T«OĦÃþ¤§¥Íªø¡C

? ¥i¦b³Ì¨Îª¬ªp¡A¤£·|©M¨ä¥¦Ä¦Ãþ¬Û²V²c¤U¡A°µ¨ä«~ºØÅ²©w¥H¤Î§ÎºA©M¥Í´Þ¤W¤§¬ã¨s¡C

? ¥i¥H¦³¤j¶q¤Î°·±dªºÄ¦Ãþ§@Ä~¥N°ö¾i(subculture)¡A¦]¦¹¥iÀò±o¦UºØºØÃþ¤§Ä¦ºØ¡C

? ¥i¥H¦³¥R¨¬ªº®É¶¡¥h·Ç³Æagar plate©Î¨ä¥¦ªº°ö¾i°ò¡A¨Ã¥B¥i¦b¥R¤À®É¶¡¤Î¸û¤è«Kªºª¬ªp¤U¥h°£²Óµß¡C§Y¨ÏĦºØ©ñ¦b¹êÅç«Ç¶W¹L¨â¤Ñ¡A¤]¤£·|¥¢¥h¨ã¬ã¨s·N¸qªºÄ¦ºØ¡C

? plating¹ï³æºØªºÄ¦Ãþ¸û¦³®Ä¡A¹ï²V¦X«~ºØ«h¸ûµL®Ä¡C¦b¯ÂºØ¤Æ(purification)®É¦³¨â­Ó¶¥¬q¡Ga.·Ç³Æ³æºØ©Î¯ÂºØ°ö¾ib.§¹¥þµLµß°ö¾i¡C

? ¥i¥H¦bÅã·LÃè¤U¬~¡AÁöµM¦¹®ÉµLªk½T©w«~ºØ¡A¦ý¤p©ó12£gmªºÃ@¤òĦ¥ç¥i¦b¬~¹L«á¦ÓµL²Óµß¤§¦Ã¬V¡C

? plating³Ì¥D­nªº¥Øªº¬O¥h°£²Óµß¥H¥~ªº¨ä¥¦¥Íª«¡A¦]¬°²Óµß«Ü®e©öªøº¡agarªí­±¦Ó³Q¤À¿ë¥X¨Ó¡C¦pªG¦³¿¸Ãþªºµßµ·¡BÅܧÎÂΡBª¿Ä¦¤ÎÂźñĦªø¥X¨Ó¡M«h¾ã­Ó°ö¾i­n©ñ±ó­«¨Ó¡C

? ¨Ï¥Î©ó±NĦÃþ§Ë°®²b¬°¥Øªºªºagar plate¤§§÷®Æ©M®É¶¡§¡¥i¥H¤j¶q¸`¬Ù¤U¨Ó¡C

 

Chapter VII²Ä¤C³¹

Treatment and utilization of cultures¯ÂºØ°ö¾i¤§Ä¦Ãþªº³B²z¤Î§Q¥Î

  1. Illumination¥ú·Ó¡G

It has long been known that direct sunshine is harmful to algal cultures. Under natural conditions the full rays of the sun rarely fall on an alga and a few centimeters of interposed water are sufficient to reduce the harmful effects.¥úª½±µ·Ó®g¨ìĦÃþ¹ïĦÃþ¬O¦³¶Ë®`ªº¡A¦ý¥ú¸g¹L´X¤½¤Àªº¤ôªº¤z¯A§Y¨¬°÷¥h°£¦¹¦³®`ªº®ÄÀ³¡C

F ¤H³y¥ú¥úªi¤ñ¤Ó¶§¥úªø¡A¬G¥[¼ö®ÄÀ³±j¡]³Q¥Î¨Ó©T©wCO2¸û¤Ö¡A¦]¦¹¦³¸û¦h¥ú¯àÂন¼ö¯à¡^¡A¦]¦¹¥H¤H³y¥ú°ö¾iĦÃþ¶·ª`·N·Å«×¤§ÅܤơC

F ¥Ø«e¤w¦³«í·Å°ö¾i½c¡A¥i³]©w·Å«×¤Î¥ú·Ó±j«×¡C

  1. The maintenance of culture¯Â°ö¾i¤§«O¦s¡]«OºØ¡^¡R

F ¥Ñagar¤ñ¥Ñ²GºA°ö¾i°ò¦Ó¨Óªºsubculture¨Ó±o¸û©ö·Ç³Æ¡A¨Ã¥B¦bagar¤W¸û©öÀˬd¬O§_¨ü¨ì¦Ã¬V¡C

F ¦pªG«O¦s¨}¦n¡Msubculture¤@¦~¥i¤Ö©ó¥|¦¸¡C

F ¦pªG¦]¬°agar¤Ó°®©ÎĦÃþ¤Ó¤Ö¦ÓµLªksubculture®É¡A¥i­Ë¤J¤@¨ÇµLµß°ö¾i²G©ó¸ÕºÞ¤º¡A»\º¡agar slope¡A³o¼Ë¤lĦÃþ«K·|¶}©l¥Íªø¡C

F ¦Ü¤Ö«O«ù¤T²Õ¤£¦P¦~ÄÖªºÄ¦ºØ¡C

F ¥iÂÇ¥Ñagar? liquidªº¤èªk¤£Â_§ïÅÜÀô¹Ò¡A¨Ó«OºØ¡C

F ¦bagar°ö¾i¡]«OºØ¡^¤Ó¤[ªºÄ¦ºØ¤£¾A¦X¥Î¨Ó¬ã¨s§ÎºA¤Î¥Í´Þµ¥¯S¼x¡C

3.The use of cultures¯ÂºØ°ö¾iªº¥Î³B¡G

1.morphological and cytological studies;§ÎºA¤Î²Ó­M¾Ç¤§¬ã¨s¡C

2.studies of ontogenetic development;µo¥Í¾Ç¤§¬ã¨s¡C

3.definition of species;«~ºØ¤§©w¸q¡]¤ÀÃþ¡^¡C

4.variability and mode of origin of species;«~ºØ¤§­ì©l¼Ò¦¡¤Î¨äÅܲ§¤§¬ã¨s¡C

5.cellular pathology;²Ó­M¯f²z¾Ç¡C

6.cellular physiology; ²Ó­M¥Í²z¾Ç¡C

7.physiology of development;µo¨|¥Í²z¾Ç¡C

8.physiology of nutrition; Àç¾i¥Í²z¾Ç¡C

9.physiology of metabolism; ¥NÁ¥Ͳz¾Ç¡C

10.physiology of irritability, especially tactic movements;¨ë¿E¡]¹L±Ó¡^¥Í²z¾Ç¡A¯S§O¬OÁͦV¹B°Ê¤è­±¡C

11.ecological studies;¥ÍºA¾Ç¤§¬ã¨s¡C

12.biological examination of water;¤ô¤§¥Íª«©ÊÀˬd¡C

13.as a food for animals under investigation.»ç®Æ¥Íª«¤§¬ã¨s¡C

¦³¤@¨Ç¦]Àô¹Ò¤§¼vÅT¡A¨Ã¥B¦]¿ò¶Ç¤W¤§¤£¦P¡A¦Ó¦³©ÒÅܲ§ªºÄ¦ºØ¡A¥ú¥HÅã·LÃèÆ[¹î¬OµLªk¤F¸Ñªº¡C¦ÓĦÃþªº¯ÂºØ°ö¾i¡A¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M¦¹¤@ÃøÃD¡C


ĦÃþ¤ñ¨ä¥¦¥Íª«¾A¦X©ó°µ¤ô±Ú¥ÍºA¬ã¨s¡A¦]¬°¤ô¤¤¥Íªø¤§´Óª«¤ñ³°¥Í´Óª«¸û®e©ö±±¨î¡]³°¥Í´Óª«©|¶·¦Ò¼{·Ã«×¡B®ð·Å¡B¤j®ðÀ£µ¥µ¥¡A¬G¸û¤£©ö±±¨î¡^¡C


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